Reference of models and system development for clothing thermal engineering design:

The clothing thermal engineering design system is a mode-based and simulation based CAD system, which is the inter-disciplinary combination of physical, physiological, mathematical, computational and software science, and engineering principles to meet with the thermal biological needs of protection, survival and comfort of human body.

1. The theoretical background and knowledge relevant to the basic simulation models adopted in this CAD system can refer to the following references:

1) Basic heat and moisture transfer models

• [1] P.S.H. Henry, Diffusion in Absorbing Media. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 1939. 171: p. 215-241.
• [2] B. Farnworth, Numerical Model of the Combined Diffusion of Heat and Water Vapour through Clothing. Textile Research Journal, 1986. 56(11): p. 653-665.
• [3] Y. Li, , Q.Y. Zhu, and Z.X. Luo, Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Coupled with Moisture Sorption and Liquid Transport in Porous Textiles. The 6th Asian Textile Conference, 2001.
• [4] Y. Li, , Q.Y. Zhu, K.W. Yeung, Influence of Thickness and Porosity on Coupled Heat and Liquid Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles. Textile Res. J., 2002. 72: p. 435-446.
• [5] Q.Y. Zhu, Y. Li, Effects of Pore Size Distribution and Fiber Diameter on the Coupled Heat and Liquid Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2003. 46: p. 5099-5111
• [6] Y. Li, Z. Wang, Mathematical simulation of dynamic coupled heat and liquid moisture transfer in multilayer anisotropic porous polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004. 94: p. 1590-1605.

2) Fiber moisture sorption models

• [7] Y. Li, B.V. Holcombe, A Two-Stage Sorption Model of the Coupled Diffusion of Moisture and Heat in Wool Fabric. Textile Res. J., 1992. 62: p. 211-217
• [8] Y. Li, Z.X. Luo, An improved mathematical simulation of the coupled diffusion of moisture and heat in wool fabric. Textile Res.J., 1999. 69(10): p. 760-768

3) Liquid transfer model

• [9] Y. Li, Q.Y. Zhu., A model of Coupled Liquid Moisture and Heat Transfer in Porous Textiles with Consideration of Gravity. Numerical heat transfer, 2003. 43: p. 510-523
• [10] Y. Li, Q.Y. Zhu, Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer with Moisture Sorption, Condensation and Capillary Liquid Diffusion in Porous Textiles. Research Journal, 2003. 73(6): p. 515-524

4) Radiation heat transfer model

• [11] Z. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Y. Zhu, Z. X. Luo, Radiation and Conduction Heat Transfer Coupled with Liquid Water Transfer, Moisture Sorption and Condensation in Porous Polymer Materials. J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 2003. 89: p. 2780-2790

5) Pressure effect model

• [12] F. Z. Li, L.Yi, Y.X. Liu, Z.X. Luo, Numerical simulation of coupled heat and mass transfer in ygroscopic porous materials considering the influence of atmospheric pressure. Numerical Heat Transfer, 2004. Part B(45): p. 249-262

2. The functional treatments on the fabric and clothing design including waterproof membrane, phase change material, MMF fabric and virus mask, can be simulated in this CAD system, and the theoretical mechanisms and descriptive mathematical models have been reported in the following references:

1) Membrane effect model

• [13] Z. Wang, Y. Li, C.Y.Yeung and Y.L. Kwok, Influence of waterproof fabrics on coupled heat and moisture transfer in a clothing system. Journal of the Society of Fiber Science and Technology, 2003. 59(5): p. 187-195.

2) Phase change material fabric model

• [14] Y. Li, Q.Y. Zhu, A Model of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles with Phase Change Materials. Textile Research Journal, 2004. 74(5): p. 447-457

3) Moisture management fabric model

• [15] A.H Mao, Y. Li, Numerical heat transfer coupled with multi-dimensional liquid moisture diffusion in porous textiles with a measurable-parameterized model, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A applications, 2009, Vol.56, pp.1-23

4) Face mask model

• [16] Y. Li, F.Z. Li, Q.Y. Zhu, Numerical simulation of virus diffusion in facemask during breathing cycles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005. 48: p. 4229-4242.

3. As to the simulation of the biological response and thermoregulations of the human body during the wearing time, the theoretical mechanisms and descriptive mathematical models have been reported in the following references:

1) Human body thermoregulatory model

• [17] A.P. Gagge, J.A.J. Stolwijk, and J.D.Hardy, Comfort and Thermal Sensations and Associated Physiological Responses at Various Ambient Temperature. Environmental Research, 1967: p. 1-20.
• [18] J.A.J. Stolwijk, A Mathematical Model of Physiological Temperature Regulation in Man, in NASA Technical Report No. NASA CR-1855. 1971.

2) Clothing and human body system model

• [19] Y. Li, B.V. Holcome., Mathematical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Human-Clothing-Environment System. Textile Res. J, 1998. 67(5): p. 389-397
• [20] Li Y., Wang Z., Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Heat and Moisture Transfer and Thermoregulatory Responses of A Clothed Human Body. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2002
• [21] Y. Li, F.Z. Li, Y.X. Liu, Z.X Luo, An integrated model for simulating interactive thermal processes in human-clothing system. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2004. 29: p. 567-575.

4. With the simulation results, the thermal comfort of the body during the wearing time can be evaluate and provide helpful indication to the user to analyze the thermal performance of the clothing, the theoretical mechanisms and descriptive mathematical models have been reported in the following references:

Thermal comfort model

• [22] Z. Wang, Y. Li and A. S. W. Wong, Simulation of Clothing Thermal Comfort with Mathematical Models and Fuzzy Logic. In the 10th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics,Fukuoka, Japan, 2002.
• [23] Z. Wang,, Y. Li, C. Y. Yeung, and Y. L. Kwok, Mathematical Simulation of the Perception of Fabric Thermal and Moisture Sensations. Textile Research Journal, 2002. 72(4): p. 327-334

5. Lastly and most importantly, the detail development processes of the CAD systems for the clothing thermal engineering design have been reported in following references:

CAD System development

• [24] Y. Li, A.H Mao, R.M Wang, X.N Luo, Z. Wang, P-smart - a virtual system for clothing thermal functional design. Computer-Aided Design, Vol.38, 2006, pp. 726-739.
• [25] A.H Mao, Y. Li, X.N Luo, R.M Wang, A CAD system for multi-style thermal functional design of clothing. Computer-Aided design, Vol.40 2008, pp.916-930
• [26] A.H Mao, Y. Li, W.R. Wang, X.N Lou, Establishment of Computational Models for Clothing Engineering Design, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTERS, Vol.7, No.6, 2008, pp.770-780
• [27] A.H Mao, Y. Li., R.M Wang, X.N Luo, Y.P Guo, Virtual thermal bioengineering system for life-oriented design of textile products. in The 1st Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Symposium. 2008. Hong Kong, pp. 201-207 (CPCI-S, IDS Number: BIT87)
• [28] R.M. Wang, Y. Y. Du, A. H. Mao, Y. Li, Computer Engineering Database Design and Application in Clothing Thermal Functional Design, The 1st Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Symposium, 2008, Hong Kong, pp. 1143-1145. (CPCI-S, IDS Number: BIT87)
• [29] R.M. Wang, Y. Y. Du, A. H. Mao, M.L Cao, Y. Li, An On-line CAD System for Clothing Thermal Functional Engineering Design, The 1st Textile Bioengineering and Informatics Symposium, 2008, Hong Kong, pp.226-233. (CPCI-S, IDS Number: BIT87)
• [30] A.H Mao, Y. Li, X.N Lou, W.R. Wang, Multi-structural computational scheme for textile thermal bioengineering design, WACBE World Congress on Bioengineering 2009, 2009, Hong Kong, pp.225-231
• [31] A.H Mao, Y. Li, Y.P. Guo, X.N. Luo, A computational bioengineering system for thermal functional design of textile products, Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics, Vol.2, 2008, pp.27-36.
• [32] Y.P. Guo, A.H Mao, R.M. Wang, Y. Li, Predicting Thermal Functional Performance of Protective Clothing Through Computer Simulations, Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics, Vol.2, 2008, pp.51-70.